The prevalence and natural history of hepatitis B in the 21st century

The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection varies by geographic region. Most of North America is a low-prevalence (< 2%) area. Certain high-prevalence pockets exist, especially areas with a high proportion of Asian immigrants and Alaskan and northern Canadian native populations, where rates of chronic HBV are as high as 5% to 15%. In most low-prevalence areas, HBV infection is acquired mainly during adolescence and midadulthood, whereas perinatal transmission is the main route in high-prevalence (> or = 8%) areas. Up to 40% of patients with chronic HBV infection develop liver complications. Age at acquisition affects the likelihood of chronicity and the development of liver complications. The risk of each is greatest with perinatal transmission; the disease is usually self-limiting when exposure to HBV occurs during adolescence or young adulthood. Viral load predicts progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma; therefore, reducing viral load is the major goal of treatment.