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Related Concept Videos

Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...

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Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps
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Rhythmic gene expression in somite formation and neural development.

Ryoichiro Kageyama1, Yasutaka Niwa, Hiromi Shimojo

  • 1Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. rkageyam@virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Molecules and Cells
|May 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Oscillating gene expression, like Hes7 in mouse embryos, is crucial for proper development. This ultradian oscillation is essential for biological events, ensuring correct segmentation and cell activity.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • Cellular Clocks

Background:

  • Somite formation in mouse embryos is a periodic process regulated by the segmentation clock.
  • The Hes7 gene's cyclic expression is central to this clock, influenced by Fgf and Notch signaling.
  • Proper Hes7 oscillation is vital for preventing somite fusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of oscillatory gene expression in biological events.
  • To understand the significance of Hes7 oscillation in somite segmentation.
  • To explore the function of Hes1 oscillation in neural progenitor cells.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Hes7 gene expression and its regulation by Fgf and Notch signaling in mouse embryos.
  • Studying the effects of Hes7 loss-of-expression and sustained expression on somite formation.
  • Investigating Hes1 gene oscillation in neural progenitor cells and its impact on cell proliferation and differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Hes7 oscillation is essential for correct somite segmentation; its loss or sustained expression leads to fusion.
  • Hes1 expression also oscillates with a short period in neural progenitor cells.
  • Hes1 oscillation is required for neural progenitor cell maintenance and regulates genes like Neurogenin2 and Delta1.

Conclusions:

  • Oscillatory gene expression with short periods (ultradian oscillation) plays a critical role in diverse biological processes.
  • Hes7 and Hes1 oscillations are vital for embryonic development and neural progenitor cell function, respectively.
  • These findings highlight the fundamental importance of biological clocks in development and cellular regulation.