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Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
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Enteral Nutrition I: Orogastric and Nasogastric Feeding

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision

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Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES).

SuSrap Song¹, Ed A Itawi, Alan A Saber

¹Michigan State University/Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA.

Journal of Investigative Surgery : the Official Journal of the Academy of Surgical Research

|May 26, 2009

Summary

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) shows promise for scar-free procedures. Further controlled studies are essential to refine this developing technology for safe clinical application.

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Area of Science:

Minimally invasive surgery
Endoscopic procedures
Surgical innovation

Background:

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) offers a novel approach for abdominal access through natural orifices.
This technique aims for scar-free surgery, generating significant physician interest.
As an emerging technology, rigorous evaluation of NOTES' safety and efficacy is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current application of Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) in human studies.
To assess the existing evidence and growing experience with NOTES in clinical settings.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed.
Keywords included "natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery" and "natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery."
The search was restricted to English-language articles involving human subjects, conducted in April 2008.

Main Results:

Published case series indicate Level III evidence for NOTES utilization.
Human experience with NOTES is expanding, with eleven articles published in 2007-2008.
Anticipation for increased studies reflects the burgeoning interest in this surgical approach.

Conclusions:

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a promising innovation requiring further refinement for safe clinical use.
Well-controlled animal and human studies, followed by industry trials, are necessary.
Continued research and training are vital before widespread clinical adoption of NOTES.