Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
Published on: February 25, 2016
The development of gendered interests and personality qualities from middle childhood through adolescence: a
Susan M McHale1, Ji-Yeon Kim, Aryn M Dotterer
1Department of Human Development and Family Studies, S-110 Henderson, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. x2u@psu.edu
Abstract:
This study charted the development of gendered personality qualities and activity interests from age 7 to age 19 in 364 first- and secondborn siblings from 185 White, middle/working-class families, assessed links between time in gendered social contexts (with mother, father, female peers, and male peers) and gender development, and tested whether changes in testosterone moderated links between time use and gender development. Multilevel models documented that patterns of change varied across dimensions of gender and by sex and birth order and that time in gendered social contexts was generally linked to development of more stereotypical qualities. Associations between time with mother and expressivity and time with father and instrumentality were stronger for youth with slower increases in testosterone.
Related Concept Videos
Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development
Cognitive Development During Adolescence
Social Foundations of Self I: Play and Game
Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Phallic
Sources of Self-Esteem I: Family Experience
Ethnic Identity within a Larger Culture

