Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters

The physicochemical characteristics of drugs play a crucial role in formulating stable and bioavailable drug products. The solubility of a drug, governed by the varying pH along the GI tract and its dissociation constant (pKa), is pivotal in determining its ionization state and absorption rate. Notably, weak acids and bases remain unionized and are absorbed more rapidly.
Enhanced drug absorption can be achieved by reducing particle sizes and increasing surface areas, thereby facilitating...

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...

Energetics of Solution Formation

Energetics of Solution Formation

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent electrostatic forces to...

Downstream Processing

Downstream Processing

Downstream processing begins once fermentation is complete and involves a series of steps to recover and purify products such as acids, vitamins, antibiotics, or proteins.Cell HarvestingFor example, for intracellular protein-based products, the first step is harvesting the cells. This is typically achieved using centrifugation or filtration to separate the cells from the liquid phase.Cell Disruption for Intracellular ProductsIf the target product is intracellular, the harvested cells must be...

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Physicochemical and Chemical Properties of Drugs

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Physicochemical and Chemical Properties of Drugs

A drug's physicochemical properties fundamentally influence its metabolism. For instance, a drug's molecular size and shape critically determine its interaction with enzymes and transporters — larger drugs may face difficulty reaching enzyme active sites, altering their metabolic pathways. The pKa of a drug, which establishes its ionization state, can impact its solubility and absorption, thereby influencing metabolism.
The drug's acidity or basicity is essential in determining the metabolic...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N2) in Italy during October 1997 to January 1998.

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A·2016

Same author

Experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of the Newcastle disease viruses from outbreaks in Great Britain in 1997 for chickens and turkeys, and the protection afforded by vaccination.

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A·2016

Same author

Outbreak of Eurasian lineage H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in turkeys in Great Britain in November 2007.

The Veterinary record·2014

Same author

Antigenic and genetic analyses of isolate APMV/wigeon/Italy/3920-1/2005 indicate that it represents a new avian paramyxovirus (APMV-12).

Archives of virology·2013

Same author

Abdominal pain in pregnancy.

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)·2012

Same author

The evolution of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) in Great Britain: a molecular epidemiological study.

Transboundary and emerging diseases·2012

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Real-Time Force Measurement Between Emulsion Droplets During Enzymatic Breakdown

Real-Time Force Measurement Between Emulsion Droplets During Enzymatic Breakdown

Published on: June 27, 2025

Physicochemical interactions in processing.

G P Gladden¹, P B Finnerty, D J Alexander

¹Unilever Research, Isle-worth Laboratory, 455 London Road, Isleworth, Middlesex.

International Journal of Cosmetic Science

|May 27, 2009

Summary

Physicochemical interactions significantly impact toiletry manufacturing, especially in dispersions like emulsions and pastes. Understanding these interactions is key to controlling final product rheology and structure.

More Related Videos

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

Published on: April 9, 2016

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize (Zea mays L.)

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Published on: June 16, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Real-Time Force Measurement Between Emulsion Droplets During Enzymatic Breakdown

Real-Time Force Measurement Between Emulsion Droplets During Enzymatic Breakdown

Published on: June 27, 2025

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

Published on: April 9, 2016

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize (Zea mays L.)

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Published on: June 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Cosmetic Science
Materials Science
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Toiletry manufacturing involves complex processes with multiple formulation routes.
Historically, equipment design received more focus than physicochemical interactions during processing.
Dispersions like emulsions and pastes are particularly sensitive to these interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of physicochemical interactions on toiletry manufacturing processes.
To understand how these interactions affect the rheological behavior and structure of dispersions.
To highlight the importance of interfacial behavior and particle interactions during formulation.

Main Methods:

Analysis of emulsion systems (cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride/long chain alcohol/water).
Investigation of powder dispersions and their interaction with surface-active species.
Examination of complex product systems like toothpastes.

Main Results:

The rheological behavior of emulsions is dictated by the formation of a 'frozen' lamellar structure in the continuous phase.
Processing-induced phase changes critically influence the degree of structure achieved in emulsions.
Surface-active species cause deflocculation in powder dispersions, altering their rheology.
Powder/detergent interactions demonstrably affect complex systems such as toothpastes.

Conclusions:

Physicochemical interactions are crucial determinants of final product properties in toiletry manufacturing.
Controlling phase and interfacial behavior during processing is essential for achieving desired product structures and rheology.
These principles apply across various dispersion types, from simple emulsions to complex formulations like toothpaste.