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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
02:26

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

[Adjuvant and alternative analgesia.].

Nilton Bezerra do Vale1

  • 1UFRN.

Revista Brasileira De Anestesiologia
|May 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complementary adjuvant analgesia methods offer alternatives to conventional pain management, potentially reducing reliance on pharmacological interventions and their associated side effects. Integrating these approaches can improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

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The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice
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The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
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Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice
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The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Published on: July 16, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Explores the neurobiological underpinnings of pain and analgesia, including the spinal gate theory and central neurotransmission pathways.
  • Investigates the roles of various neurotransmitter systems (peptidergic, monoaminergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, cannabinoid) in pain modulation, relaxation, and mood.
  • Examines the physiological and psychological mechanisms of pain perception and relief.

Context:

  • Pharmacological interventions are standard for acute and chronic pain but carry risks of side effects and potential for misuse.
  • Complementary Adjuvant Analgesia (AAA) encompasses 14 methods that can be integrated with conventional treatments.
  • AAA is frequently utilized in physiatric, orthopedic, rheumatologic, and obstetric care, with acupuncture being a notable example.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the potential of 14 complementary methods of adjuvant and alternative analgesia (AAA).
  • To suggest AAA as a means to reduce the overuse of analgesics and mitigate adverse physiological effects.
  • To emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between conventional and alternative therapies for pain management.

Summary:

  • AAA methods can potentiate conventional analgesics through diverse mechanisms, including light exposure, chronotherapy, diet, positive emotions, spirituality, meditation, music therapy, hypnosis, and the placebo effect.
  • The study details various AAA techniques that target central neurotransmission and neuromodulation systems.
  • These methods aim to enhance analgesia, promote relaxation, and improve mood, offering a holistic approach to pain management.

Impact:

  • Chronic pain is characterized as a pathological state linked to depression and reduced quality of life, necessitating comprehensive management strategies.
  • Integrating AAA into standard care can lead to reduced analgesic dependence and improved patient well-being.
  • Fosters interdisciplinary relationships, advocating for a synergistic approach between adjuvant/alternative medicine and established analgesic/anti-inflammatory therapies.