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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents
07:52

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents

Published on: June 2, 2015

Low S(+) ketamine doses: a review.

Ana Luft1, Florentino Fernandes Mendes

  • 1Serviço de Anestesiologia na Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS. men.men@terra.com.br

Revista Brasileira De Anestesiologia
|May 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Low-dose ketamine, particularly S(+) ketamine, shows promise for anesthesia and postoperative pain relief. It effectively reduces central nervous system sensitization, opioid use, and adverse effects, enhancing patient satisfaction.

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Ketamine, particularly at low doses, is recognized for its potential in anesthesia and postoperative analgesia.
  • Literature indicates ketamine can provide preemptive pain relief, reduce opioid consumption, and improve patient satisfaction.
  • Low-dose ketamine may minimize opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia, decrease inhalational anesthetic requirements, and offer neuroprotection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the properties of low-dose ketamine and its isomers.
  • To evaluate the justification for using low ketamine doses in anesthesia and postoperative analgesia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating low-dose ketamine.
  • Analysis of ketamine's effects on pain, opioid consumption, and anesthetic requirements.

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Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents
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Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements
05:42

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

Published on: January 7, 2019

Main Results:

  • Studies with low S(+) ketamine doses demonstrate preventive effects against central nervous system sensitization.
  • Low-dose ketamine reduces opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia.
  • Significant decreases in anesthetic and analgesic consumption, along with reduced postoperative adverse effects, were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Low-dose ketamine, especially S(+) ketamine, offers significant preventive benefits in postoperative pain management.
  • Its use is associated with reduced central sensitization, opioid tolerance, and hyperalgesia.
  • Low-dose ketamine contributes to decreased anesthetic and analgesic needs and fewer adverse events.