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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans
09:25

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans

Published on: June 9, 2018

Proximal wrist extensor tendinopathy.

Joseph Ihm1

  • 1Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. jihm1@ric.org

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
|May 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Tennis elbow, or proximal wrist extensor tendinopathy, involves pain near the elbow. While often mistaken for tendonitis, it features disorganized collagen and responds well to conservative treatments like exercise and activity modification.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Proximal wrist extensor tendinopathy, commonly known as tennis elbow, presents as pain distal to the lateral humeral epicondyle.
  • This condition frequently affects athletes and individuals with occupations involving repetitive upper limb movements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the pathology, diagnosis, and management of proximal wrist extensor tendinopathy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and histopathological findings.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic approaches, primarily history and physical examination.
  • Analysis of conservative and interventional treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Histopathology reveals fibroblasts, vascular hyperplasia, and disorganized collagen, rather than acute inflammation.

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A Standardized Acupotomy Protocol For The Treatment of Tenosynovitis of Hand Flexor Tendons In Human Patients
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  • Diagnosis is typically established through clinical assessment.
  • The majority of patients achieve symptom relief with conservative management.

    • Conclusions:

    • Proximal wrist extensor tendinopathy is characterized by degenerative changes, not primarily inflammation.
    • Conservative treatments, including activity modification and exercise, are effective for most cases.
    • Surgical intervention is seldom required for tennis elbow management.