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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
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X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Non-invasive 3D-Visualization with Sub-micron Resolution Using Synchrotron-X-ray-tomography
08:51

Non-invasive 3D-Visualization with Sub-micron Resolution Using Synchrotron-X-ray-tomography

Published on: May 27, 2008

Phase-sensitive imaging and phase tomography using X-ray interferometers.

Atsushi Momose

    Optics Express
    |May 28, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    X-ray interferometric imaging offers advanced phase measurement and tomography capabilities. This review highlights its advantages over other phase-sensitive X-ray imaging techniques.

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

    Non-invasive 3D-Visualization with Sub-micron Resolution Using Synchrotron-X-ray-tomography
    08:51

    Non-invasive 3D-Visualization with Sub-micron Resolution Using Synchrotron-X-ray-tomography

    Published on: May 27, 2008

    Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
    10:18

    Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

    Published on: February 21, 2017

    Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
    10:39

    Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

    Published on: October 11, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Materials Science
    • Medical Imaging

    Background:

    • X-ray imaging is crucial for various scientific and medical applications.
    • Phase-sensitive X-ray imaging methods offer enhanced contrast for weakly absorbing materials.
    • X-ray interferometry provides a powerful tool for precise phase measurements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review current X-ray interferometric imaging activities.
    • To present phase measurement and phase tomography techniques using X-ray interferometry.
    • To discuss the advantages of X-ray interferometric imaging compared to other phase-sensitive methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of published X-ray interferometric imaging studies.
    • Presentation of phase measurement principles in X-ray interferometry.
    • Explanation of phase tomography reconstruction algorithms.

    Main Results:

    • Compilation of reported X-ray interferometric imaging applications.
    • Demonstration of phase measurement accuracy.
    • Illustration of 3D phase tomography reconstruction capabilities.

    Conclusions:

    • X-ray interferometry enables high-resolution phase-sensitive imaging.
    • Phase measurement and tomography are key capabilities of this technique.
    • X-ray interferometry shows significant advantages over alternative phase-sensitive X-ray imaging methods.