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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
08:30

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

Published on: September 11, 2011

Coherent X-ray diffractive imaging: applications and limitations.

S Marchesini, H Chapman, S Hau-Riege

    Optics Express
    |May 28, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents aberration-free 3D imaging using diffraction pattern inversion, overcoming lens-based system limits. The primary constraint remains radiation damage, with future research focusing on mitigation strategies.

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    Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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    Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
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    Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

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    Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

    X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
    08:30

    X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

    Published on: September 11, 2011

    Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
    08:44

    Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

    Published on: August 22, 2017

    Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
    10:39

    Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

    Published on: October 11, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Imaging Technology

    Background:

    • Lens-based tomographic systems face inherent resolution and depth-of-field limitations.
    • Diffraction pattern analysis offers a potential alternative for high-fidelity 3D imaging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review experimental results of aberration-free 3D imaging via diffraction pattern inversion.
    • To discuss the fundamental limits and future directions of this imaging technique.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing the inversion of diffraction patterns to reconstruct 3D images.
    • Experimental validation of the technique's performance.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved aberration-free, diffraction-limited 3D images.
    • Demonstrated the technique's ability to surpass limitations of lens-based tomography.

    Conclusions:

    • Diffraction pattern inversion is a powerful method for high-resolution 3D imaging.
    • Radiation damage is the principal limitation, necessitating further investigation for advanced applications.