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Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
Polar Coordinates: Problem Solving01:27

Polar Coordinates: Problem Solving

Directional radiation patterns are central to antenna analysis, as they illustrate how signal strength varies with direction. These patterns are often modeled using polar plots, where the radial distance from the origin represents signal intensity at a given angle. A commonly used idealized form is the four-lobed rose curve, which captures the concept of directional beams in a simplified mathematical form.The four-lobed rose curve, described by r = cos⁡(2θ), features four symmetric lobes, each...
Transmission Line Design Considerations01:23

Transmission Line Design Considerations

Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
07:28

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Published on: August 30, 2012

Poling of a channel waveguide.

Fatima Garcia, Laura Vogelaar, Raman Kashyap

    Optics Express
    |May 28, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Thermal poling of silica waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometers enhances electro-optic coefficients. This study quantifies the induced nonlinear optical properties and highlights the significant role of the dc-Kerr effect in poled devices.

    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Silica-based channel waveguides are crucial for photonic devices.
    • Understanding nonlinear optical properties is essential for device performance.
    • Thermal poling is a technique to induce asymmetry in materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the thermal poling process for silica waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometers.
    • To directly measure the dc-Kerr and induced electro-optic coefficients.
    • To investigate the role of the dc-Kerr effect in poled devices.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of silica-based channel waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometers.
    • Application of thermal poling to induce asymmetry.
    • Direct measurement of nonlinear optical coefficients (e.g., third-order susceptibility, r-coefficient).

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    Published on: September 26, 2014

    Main Results:

    • The un-poled waveguide exhibited a third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) of 5.2 (±0.4) x 10⁻²² (m/V)².
    • Thermal poling induced an electro-optic coefficient (r) of approximately 0.07 pm/V.
    • The third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) increased by a factor of 1.9 after poling.

    Conclusions:

    • Thermal poling effectively enhances the nonlinear optical properties of silica waveguides.
    • The dc-Kerr effect significantly influences the behavior of poled devices.
    • Quantified electro-optic coefficients provide valuable data for photonic device design.