Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Amplitude, relative phase, and polarization characterization during ultrashort pulse of hybrid mode-locked thulium-doped all-fiber laser.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Corrigendum to "Improved clinical outcomes with low-dose anti-CTLA-4 (Nurulimab) plus anti-PD-1 (Prolgolimab) vs. anti-PD-1 monotherapy in advanced cutaneous melanoma: Results from the phase III OCTAVA trial" [Eur J Cancer. 227 (2025) 115674].

European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)·2025

Same author

Multi-grid parallel ptychographic algorithm for frequency-resolved optical gating.

Optics express·2025

Same author

Improved clinical outcomes with low-dose anti-CTLA-4 (Nurulimab) plus anti-PD-1 (Prolgolimab) vs. anti-PD-1 monotherapy in advanced cutaneous melanoma: Results from the phase III OCTAVA trial.

European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)·2025

Same author

Chirped pulse waveguide amplifier.

Optics express·2025

Same author

A phase III study to access the safety and efficacy of prolgolimab 250 mg fixed dose administered every 3 weeks versus prolgolimab 1 mg/kg every 2 weeks in patients with metastatic melanoma (FLAT).

Frontiers in oncology·2024

Same journal

Denoising algorithm of Φ-OTDR systems based on adaptive fractional wavelet transform denoising.

Optics express·2026

Same journal

Millisecond photon-to-photon latency and high-speed volumetric projection system for optogenetics.

Optics express·2026

Same journal

Polarization-encoded coaxial structured light for high-precision 3D surface profilometry.

Optics express·2026

Same journal

Discrete freeform optical design based on collaborative optimization of point cloud and local normals.

Optics express·2026

Same journal

Ultrafast ghost imaging with 25 GHz speckle switching and wavelength-division multiplexing.

Optics express·2026

Same journal

Atomic vapor cells fabricated by femtosecond laser welding of standard-optical-quality glass.

Optics express·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Measurement of Coherence Decay in GaMnAs Using Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing

Measurement of Coherence Decay in GaMnAs Using Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing

Published on: December 3, 2013

Measuring several-cycle 1.5-m pulses using frequency-resolved optical gating.

Selcuk Akturk, Mark Kimmel, Rick Trebino

|May 28, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We used frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) to measure ultrashort laser pulses from a Cr4+:YAG laser. This technique accurately characterizes the full intensity and phase of these powerful optical pulses.

More Related Videos

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

Published on: December 18, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Measurement of Coherence Decay in GaMnAs Using Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing

Measurement of Coherence Decay in GaMnAs Using Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing

Published on: December 3, 2013

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

Published on: December 18, 2015

Area of Science:

Ultrafast optics
Laser physics
Nonlinear optics

Background:

Characterizing ultrashort laser pulses is crucial for applications in science and technology.
Kerr-lens mode-locked (KLM) lasers, such as Cr4+:YAG, generate powerful optical pulses.
Measuring the complete intensity and phase information of these pulses is essential for precise control and understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the effectiveness of frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) for characterizing ultrashort laser pulses.
To measure the full intensity and phase of several-optical-cycle 1.5-µm pulses from a KLM Cr4+:YAG laser.
To adapt FROG techniques for broadband pulse measurement using a nonlinear crystal.

Main Methods:

Utilized frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) as the primary diagnostic technique.
Employed an angle-dithered second-harmonic-generation (SHG) crystal within the FROG setup.
Generated ultrashort pulses using a Kerr-lens mode-locked (KLM) Cr4+:YAG laser operating at 1.5 µm.

Main Results:

Successfully measured the complete intensity and phase profiles of the generated optical pulses.
Demonstrated that angle-dithering of the SHG crystal enables measurement across the full pulse bandwidth.
Confirmed the capability of FROG to characterize broadband, few-optical-cycle pulses.

Conclusions:

Frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) is a robust method for full characterization of ultrashort laser pulses.
The angle-dithering technique overcomes limitations associated with using thick nonlinear crystals in FROG.
This work provides a reliable method for understanding and controlling femtosecond pulses from Cr4+:YAG lasers.