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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

CO2-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

CO₂-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

Published on: November 6, 2019

Laser surgery and anesthesia.

Odilar Paiva Filho¹, José Reinaldo Cerqueira Braz

¹Departamento de Anestesiologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (FMB-UNESP), Botucatu, SP.

Revista Brasileira De Anestesiologia

|May 28, 2009

Summary

Safe laser surgery requires trained professionals and adherence to safety protocols. Following these guidelines ensures lasers are a useful and secure tool for both patients and medical staff in surgical settings.

Area of Science:

Medical Physics
Surgical Technology

Background:

Laser surgeries present inherent risks to patients and healthcare providers.
Understanding laser physics is crucial for safe application.
Established safety protocols are essential for mitigating risks.

Purpose of the Study:

To present fundamental principles of laser usage in medical settings.
To outline essential safety rules for enhancing laser procedure security.
To inform medical professionals on best practices for laser application.

Main Methods:

Review of laser physics principles relevant to surgical applications.
Compilation of established safety guidelines and protocols.
Description of procedures for managing adverse events during laser use.

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A Mouse Model for Laser-induced Choroidal Neovascularization

A Mouse Model for Laser-induced Choroidal Neovascularization

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Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Published on: July 28, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

CO2-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

CO₂-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

Published on: November 6, 2019

A Mouse Model for Laser-induced Choroidal Neovascularization

A Mouse Model for Laser-induced Choroidal Neovascularization

Published on: December 27, 2015

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Published on: July 28, 2014

Main Results:

Laser technology, when applied correctly, offers significant benefits in surgery.
Adherence to safety protocols minimizes risks associated with laser procedures.
Proper training is paramount for effective and safe laser operation.

Conclusions:

Laser surgery is a valuable and safe medical modality.
Trained personnel are key to ensuring patient and staff safety.
Strict adherence to safety rules is non-negotiable for successful laser procedures.