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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:27

Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is characterized by narrowed arteries that diminish blood flow to the extremities. Effective management of PAD requires an interprofessional approach involving various healthcare professionals. The critical aspects of interprofessional care for PAD patients focus on risk factor modification, drug therapy, exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, critical limb ischemia care, and interventional radiology and surgical procedures.The primary treatment goal for PAD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

2009 EANM parathyroid guidelines.

Elif Hindié1, Omer Ugur, David Fuster

  • 1Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris Cedex 10, France. elif.hindie@sls.aphp.fr

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
|May 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

These guidelines focus on imaging for primary hyperparathyroidism, emphasizing accurate scintigraphy protocols to detect multiple parathyroid gland disease (MGD) for successful minimally invasive surgery.

More Related Videos

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Imaging

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder often caused by parathyroid adenoma.
  • Multiple parathyroid gland disease (MGD) occurs in about 15% of cases and presents a diagnostic challenge.
  • Minimally invasive surgery requires precise pre-operative imaging to avoid complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide guidelines for imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • To discuss scintigraphy protocols and image acquisition modalities.
  • To highlight the importance of identifying MGD for surgical planning.

Main Methods:

  • Review of dual-tracer and single-tracer parathyroid scintigraphy protocols.
  • Discussion of various image acquisition techniques.
  • Evaluation of hybrid SPECT/CT and other imaging modalities for ectopic glands and MGD.

Main Results:

  • Accurate imaging is crucial for the success of targeted parathyroid surgery.
  • Detecting MGD is the primary challenge for pre-operative imaging.
  • SPECT/CT shows promise for ectopic foci but requires further investigation for routine use.

Conclusions:

  • Guidelines emphasize sensitive and accurate imaging techniques for primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • Recognizing MGD is essential to prevent inappropriate minimally invasive surgery.
  • Imaging is mandatory for re-operations, with SPECT/CT being a valuable tool for ectopic glands.