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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Virological relapse in chronic hepatitis C.

F Fred Poordad1, Steven L Flamm

  • 1Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Fred.Poordad@cshs.org

Antiviral Therapy
|May 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Relapse after hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment affects one-third of patients. Understanding relapse predictors and optimizing retreatment strategies, including ribavirin dosing, is crucial for managing chronic HCV infection.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection poses a significant global health challenge.
  • Pegylated interferon alpha-based therapy is a common treatment for chronic HCV genotype 1.
  • Relapse after therapy occurs in approximately one-third of patients with undetectable HCV RNA post-treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathology and management strategies for relapse in chronic hepatitis C patients.
  • To identify predictors of relapse, including early viral kinetics and patient subgroups.
  • To discuss optimized retreatment strategies for patients who have previously relapsed.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on HCV relapse.
  • Analysis of data on early viral kinetics and patient response to therapy.

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  • Evaluation of optimized ribavirin dosing and retreatment protocols.

    • Main Results:

    • Relapse is a frequent outcome in HCV genotype 1 patients completing therapy.
    • Optimized ribavirin dosing is critical for mitigating relapse.
    • Early viral kinetics may identify slow responders at higher risk of relapse.

    Conclusions:

    • Relapse following HCV therapy requires further understanding of its pathobiology.
    • Identifying predictors and optimizing retreatment are essential for improving patient outcomes.
    • Effective management of relapsers is key to achieving sustained virologic response.