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Related Concept Videos

Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...
Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two...
Bandpass Sampling01:17

Bandpass Sampling

In signal processing, bandpass sampling is an effective technique for sampling signals that have most of their energy concentrated within a narrow frequency band. This type of signal is known as a bandpass signal. The key principle of bandpass sampling involves sampling the signal at a rate that is greater than twice the signal's bandwidth to prevent aliasing.
A bandpass signal has a spectrum with a lower frequency limit, denoted as ω1, and an upper frequency limit, denoted as ω2. The spectrum...
Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...
Fermi Level01:18

Fermi Level

The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
At absolute zero temperature, electrons fill all energy states up to the Fermi level, leaving upper states empty. As the temperature rises,...
The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials
10:35

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials

Published on: September 26, 2014

Photonic band gap analysis using finite-difference frequency-domain method.

Shangping Guo, Feng Wu, Sacharia Albin

    Optics Express
    |May 29, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method accurately calculates photonic band gaps for various lattice structures. This approach provides complete band gap information, validated against the plane wave method.

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    Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials
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    Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials

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    Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
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    Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

    Published on: November 30, 2012

    Area of Science:

    • Computational physics
    • Photonics
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Photonic band gap (PBG) calculations are crucial for designing optical devices.
    • Existing methods may have limitations in handling complex lattice geometries.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To apply the finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method for precise photonic band gap calculations.
    • To assess the FDFD method's capability for both orthogonal and non-orthogonal lattices.

    Main Methods:

    • Solving Maxwell's equations in generalized coordinates using the FDFD approach.
    • Analyzing 2D transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes.

    Main Results:

    • The FDFD method successfully obtained complete and accurate photonic band gap information.
    • Numerical results for square and triangular lattices showed excellent agreement with the plane wave method (PWM).

    Conclusions:

    • The FDFD method is a reliable and accurate technique for photonic band gap calculations.
    • The study validates the FDFD method's performance across different lattice types and discusses its accuracy, convergence, and computational efficiency.