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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...

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Acquisition of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in the Rat
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[Dexmedetomidine in anesthesiology.].

Nivaldo Ribeiro Villela1, Paulo do Nascimento Júnior

  • 1Departamento de Anestesiologia, FMB, Universidade Estadual Paulista.

Revista Brasileira De Anestesiologia
|May 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Dexmedetomidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, offers sedation, analgesia, and hemodynamic stability in anesthesia and postoperative care. It reduces anesthetic needs and avoids respiratory depression, making it a valuable tool for anesthesiologists.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Anesthesiology

Context:

  • Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective alpha2-adrenergic agonist.
  • It possesses sedative, analgesic, and anesthetic properties.
  • Its use as a co-adjuvant in anesthesia is a recent development.

Purpose:

  • To review the literature on the use of dexmedetomidine in anesthesia.
  • To present major studies on dexmedetomidine as premedication and during anesthesia.
  • To review alpha2-adrenergic agonist mechanisms and dexmedetomidine's pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile.

Summary:

  • Dexmedetomidine improves hemodynamic stability when used for premedication, during anesthesia, or postoperatively.
  • It decreases anesthetic consumption and allows for cooperative awakening without respiratory depression.

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  • Bradycardia is a potential side effect, manageable with slow infusion.

    • Impact:

    • Dexmedetomidine enhances hemodynamic control and reduces anesthetic requirements.
    • It provides sedation and analgesia with preserved respiratory function.
    • This agent represents a significant addition to anesthetic practice for various patients and procedures.