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Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

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Published on: May 31, 2021

[Severe type 1-allergy to raw bell pepper].

R D Rüger¹, S Wagner, J C Simon

¹Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allgergologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig A.ö.R., Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 23-25, 04103 Leipzig. robin.rueger@medizin.uni-leipzig.de

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, Und Verwandte Gebiete

|May 29, 2009

Summary

A patient experienced severe anaphylaxis from raw bell pepper, likely due to cross-reactivity with pollen allergens like birch. This suggests a potential new allergen in bell peppers, possibly linked to Bet v 1.

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Area of Science:

Allergy and Immunology
Food Science
Clinical Medicine

Background:

Pollen-associated food allergy is an increasing concern.
Bet v 1 is a major allergen in birch pollen, known to cause cross-reactivity with various foods.
Anaphylaxis to bell peppers is uncommon, making this case noteworthy.

Observation:

A patient presented with severe anaphylaxis following raw bell pepper ingestion.
The patient exhibited sensitization to grass and birch pollen.
This clinical presentation suggested a possible pollen-food allergy syndrome.

Findings:

The patient's severe reaction was hypothesized to stem from cross-reactivity to Bet v 1.
Western blot analysis revealed IgE binding to an unidentified 11 kDa protein in bell pepper.
This 11 kDa protein may represent a novel allergen or a Bet v 1-homologous fragment.

Implications:

This case highlights the potential for severe allergic reactions to bell peppers, particularly in pollen-sensitized individuals.
The identification of a potential new allergen or cross-reactive structure in bell peppers warrants further investigation.
Understanding these cross-reactivities can improve diagnosis and management of food allergies.