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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

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Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

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Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

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Arboviral Encephalitis

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Hepatitis B virus: the genotype E puzzle.

Iris E Andernach1, Judith M Hübschen, Claude P Muller

  • 1Institute of Immunology, Laboratoire National de Santé/CRP Santé, 20A rue Auguste Lumière, L-1950 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.

Reviews in Medical Virology
|May 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype E is widespread in West Africa, likely due to unsafe needles. Genotype A, however, shows greater diversity, suggesting an older African origin.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

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Published on: November 7, 2018

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Published on: June 26, 2020

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is highly endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, with genotypes A and E being dominant.
  • Genotype A exhibits significant genetic diversity in Africa, suggesting an African origin and long-term presence.
  • Genotype E's limited presence in the Americas and low genetic diversity in Africa point to a more recent introduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spread and transmission routes of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype E in Africa.
  • To explain the high prevalence and distribution of HBV genotype E in the West African region.
  • To elucidate the factors contributing to the current HBV genotype E puzzle in Africa.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of HBV genotypes A and E.
  • Comparison of genetic diversity between African and global HBV strains.
  • Correlation of HBV genotype E prevalence with historical and public health factors.

Main Results:

  • HBV genotype A displays higher genetic diversity in Africa (4.00%) compared to the rest of the world (2.96%).
  • HBV genotype E shows low genetic diversity (1.75%) and a recent introduction into the general African population.
  • Despite low diversity, HBV genotype E has a high HBsAg prevalence and extensive spread in West Africa.

Conclusions:

  • The extensive use of unsafe needles in Africa is proposed as the primary driver for the spread and high prevalence of HBV genotype E.
  • This finding offers a potential solution to the 'African genotype E puzzle' and sheds light on high HBV prevalence in the region.
  • Understanding transmission dynamics is crucial for public health interventions against HBV in sub-Saharan Africa.