[Is hardware removal a necessity?]

Hardware removal should be decided only after careful examination of the medical and economic implications. Current literature fails to offer systematic guidelines. Infected hardware, non-union after surgery or obvious mechanical problems are straightforward indications for implant removal. However, when motivated by pain alone, the procedure can have disappointing results, and patients' expectations should be consequently moderated. Protection against toxicity, allergy, carcinogenesis or possible implant failure should not prompt systematic removal. Hardware removal in children should be considered separately, since metallic implants can interfere with normal growth patterns. Overall, implant removal should not be considered a routine procedure, and indications for surgery should reflect the thorough examination of the risks and the benefits.