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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in situations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: an update.

Julie A Dopheide1, Steven R Pliszka

  • 1Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.

Pharmacotherapy
|May 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. Effective treatments include stimulants, atomoxetine, and behavioral interventions, improving outcomes for children and adults.

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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuropsychiatry
  • Neurobiology
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder impacting functioning across all age groups.
  • Neurobiologic findings in ADHD include brain connectivity deficits, impaired inhibitory control, and neurotransmitter dysfunction.
  • ADHD affects 6-9% of youth and 3-5% of adults in the US, with similar global prevalence in youth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neurobiology, prevalence, and treatment of Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • To discuss the efficacy and safety profiles of various ADHD pharmacotherapies.
  • To highlight the importance of individualized treatment and adherence in managing ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of neurobiologic findings, epidemiological data, and clinical trial outcomes for ADHD treatments.
  • Analysis of stimulant and non-stimulant pharmacotherapies, including their mechanisms, efficacy, and adverse effects.
  • Evaluation of adjunctive therapies and the impact of adherence on long-term ADHD management.

Main Results:

  • Stimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamine) are highly effective for ADHD across age groups but carry risks.
  • Non-stimulants like atomoxetine offer alternatives with different safety profiles.
  • Emerging therapies and supplements show promise, and long-acting formulations may improve adherence.

Conclusions:

  • Early and individualized treatment of ADHD with pharmacotherapy and behavioral interventions can mitigate negative outcomes.
  • Effective management of ADHD requires close monitoring, consideration of comorbidities, and strategies to enhance treatment adherence.
  • Pharmacological options for ADHD are diverse, catering to different patient needs and age groups.