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Related Concept Videos

Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
Peroxisomes01:30

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.The peroxisome is a single membrane-bound cellular organelle that can perform several different functions, including lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. The enzymes within peroxisomes...
Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...

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Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation
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Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins--structures, mechanisms and functions.

Andrea Hall1, P A Karplus, Leslie B Poole

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.

The FEBS Journal
|May 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Peroxiredoxins are key antioxidant proteins regulating cellular peroxide levels. Recent findings highlight their roles in oxidative stress and novel non-stress signaling pathways involving localized peroxide buildup.

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Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry
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Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular Biology
  • Oxidative Stress Research

Background:

  • Peroxiredoxins (PRx) are abundant antioxidant enzymes crucial for managing intracellular peroxide levels.
  • Some PRx exhibit peroxide-mediated inactivation, suggesting a role in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) signaling in eukaryotes.
  • Understanding PRx mechanisms is vital for comprehending cellular responses to oxidative stress and signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the catalytic and regulatory mechanisms of typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins.
  • To summarize the biological roles of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in both oxidative stress and non-stress-related cellular signaling.
  • To highlight emerging evidence on the involvement of localized peroxide signaling in cellular functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on peroxiredoxin function and mechanisms.
  • Analysis of studies investigating peroxiredoxin inactivation and signaling roles.
  • Synthesis of data on the involvement of peroxiredoxins in oxidative and non-oxidative cellular processes.

Main Results:

  • Detailed insights into the catalytic cycles and regulatory networks of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins.
  • Evidence supporting the dual role of peroxiredoxins in antioxidant defense and cellular signaling.
  • Emerging data indicating that localized hydrogen peroxide accumulation is a significant signaling mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • 2-Cys peroxiredoxins are multifaceted proteins involved in both antioxidant defense and intricate cellular signaling pathways.
  • Peroxide-mediated inactivation is a key regulatory feature influencing peroxiredoxin function in signaling.
  • Localized peroxide signaling represents a critical, yet underappreciated, aspect of eukaryotic cell biology.