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Related Concept Videos

External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous capillaries...
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...
Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging01:19

Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging

DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
03:19

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: June 21, 2024

Peri-renal collateral circles.

Alessandra Palmisano1, Rocco Cobelli, Carlo Buzio

  • 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Health Science, University of Parma, Italy.

Urology
|May 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) can cause late-stage renal vein obstruction and collateral circles. This overlooked feature of IRF progresses slowly, rarely causing thrombosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Nephrology
  • Vascular Surgery

Background:

  • Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) is a rare condition characterized by fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneum.
  • While IRF commonly affects ureters and aorta, its impact on renal vasculature is less understood.

Observation:

  • Computed tomographic (CT) findings in two patients with IRF revealed late-stage obstruction of renal veins.
  • Peri-renal collateral circles were observed as a consequence of the venous obstruction.

Findings:

  • External compression (ab extrinseco) of renal veins is an underrecognized manifestation of IRF.
  • This venous involvement typically progresses slowly and infrequently leads to overt thrombosis.
  • Development of collateral circulation represents a potential late sequela of IRF-induced venous compromise.

Implications:

  • Recognizing renal vein involvement in IRF is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.
  • Understanding these late vascular complications can guide clinical monitoring and treatment strategies.
  • Further research into the pathogenesis and clinical significance of venous involvement in IRF is warranted.