External Anatomy of the Kidney
Renal Corpuscle
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla
Internal Anatomy of the Kidney
Kidney Structure
Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging
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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
Published on: June 21, 2024
Alessandra Palmisano1, Rocco Cobelli, Carlo Buzio
1Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Health Science, University of Parma, Italy.
Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) can cause late-stage renal vein obstruction and collateral circles. This overlooked feature of IRF progresses slowly, rarely causing thrombosis.
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