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Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

Vaccines

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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Published on: December 19, 2020

Quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines.

David Pace¹, Andrew J Pollard, Nancy E Messonier

¹Department of Paediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, MSD 2090, Malta. dpace@mail.global.net.mt

|May 30, 2009

Summary

Meningococcal vaccines, including new quadrivalent options, aim to protect against bacterial meningitis and septicaemia caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135.

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Immunology
Vaccinology

Background:

Neisseria meningitidis causes bacterial meningitis and septicaemia.
Disease is primarily caused by serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135.
Serogroup C conjugate vaccines are widely used.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the development and potential of meningococcal vaccines.
To highlight the significance of quadrivalent vaccines.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on meningococcal vaccines.
Analysis of vaccine licensing and development trends.

Main Results:

Monovalent serogroup C conjugate vaccines are established.
The first quadrivalent vaccine (A, C, Y, W-135) was licensed in 2005.

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New vaccines offer broader population protection.

Conclusions:

Meningococcal vaccines are crucial for public health.
Quadrivalent vaccines represent a significant advancement in disease prevention.
Ongoing vaccine development promises enhanced protection against meningococcal disease.