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Related Concept Videos

Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes02:14

Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
Alkanes undergo combustion in the presence of excess oxygen and high-temperature conditions to give carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is the energy source in natural gas, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames
10:29

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

Published on: June 1, 2016

Experimental study on flames propagating through zirconium particle clouds.

Yi Yin1, Jinhua Sun, Yibin Ding

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|May 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flame propagation in zirconium dust clouds was studied experimentally. Particle concentration significantly impacts flame temperature and propagation velocity, showing a linear relationship between velocity and maximum temperature.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames
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Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes
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Published on: May 26, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Combustion science
  • Materials science
  • Chemical engineering

Background:

  • Understanding flame propagation in metal dust clouds is crucial for safety and industrial applications.
  • Zirconium (Zr) dust presents unique challenges due to its low volatility and high reactivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms governing flame propagation in zirconium particle clouds.
  • To experimentally investigate the influence of particle concentration on combustion characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • High-speed video recording to capture flame propagation dynamics.
  • Fine thermocouple measurements to determine combustion zone temperatures.
  • Analysis of particle concentration effects on flame structure and temperature.

Main Results:

  • Flame propagation in Zr dust clouds involves luminous particles.
  • Combustion zone temperature initially rises with Zr concentration, peaks, then declines.
  • A linear correlation was observed between flame propagation velocity and maximum combustion zone temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Particle concentration is a critical factor in zirconium dust flame propagation.
  • The observed linear relationship provides insights into combustion dynamics.
  • Experimental data clarifies the behavior of flames in hardly volatile metal dust clouds.