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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
06:36

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants

Published on: April 15, 2020

Sex differences and representative values for 6 lower extremity alignment measures.

Jennifer M Medina McKeon1, Jay Hertel

  • 1University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. jennifer.medina@uky.edu

Journal of Athletic Training
|May 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Women exhibit distinct lower extremity alignments compared to men, including larger quadriceps angles and greater anterior pelvic tilt. These sex-based differences in skeletal alignment may contribute to the higher anterior cruciate ligament injury rates observed in women.

Keywords:
anterior pelvic tiltfemoral anteversiongenu recurvatummalalignmentquadriceps angle

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
06:36

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Published on: April 15, 2020

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds
05:52

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Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
06:54

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Published on: March 4, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Human Anatomy

Background:

  • Significant sex-based disparities exist in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates.
  • Structural and alignment differences in the lower extremities are anecdotally implicated but not well-documented.
  • Limited published data exists on normative values for lower extremity alignments in men and women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify and compare six key lower extremity alignment measures between sexes.
  • To establish representative values for these alignments in active adults and elite athletes.
  • To investigate the influence of sex on lower extremity biomechanics relevant to injury risk.

Main Methods:

  • A descriptive cohort study design was employed.
  • 118 healthy adults (57 men, 61 women) participated.
  • Six lower extremity alignment measures were assessed: navicular drop, tibial varum, quadriceps angle, genu recurvatum, anterior pelvic tilt, and femoral anteversion.

Main Results:

  • Women showed significantly larger quadriceps angles compared to men.
  • Women exhibited greater degrees of genu recurvatum and anterior pelvic tilt.
  • Increased femoral anteversion was observed in women relative to men.

Conclusions:

  • Four of the six measured lower extremity alignments differed significantly between sexes.
  • These sex-based alignment variations may play a role in the observed ACL injury rate discrepancies.
  • Further research is needed to link these skeletal differences to biomechanical performance and injury mechanisms.