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Related Concept Videos

Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
05:53

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

Published on: August 17, 2022

Giant extradural sacral meningioma.

Mario Teo1, Ludvic Zrinzo, Andrew King

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Essex Regional Neurosciences Unit, Queen's Hospital, Romford, Essex RM7 0AG, UK. marioteo@nhs.net

Acta Neurochirurgica
|May 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study details the first case of a benign fibrous meningioma exclusively in the sacrum. The patient experienced successful tumor resection and remains recurrence-free after an 8-year follow-up.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

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04:34

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Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Orthopedic Oncology
  • Spinal Tumors

Background:

  • Meningiomas are typically intracranial or spinal tumors.
  • Primary sacral meningiomas are exceptionally rare.

Observation:

  • A 36-year-old male presented with right-sided sciatica.
  • Imaging revealed a primary benign fibrous meningioma localized to the sacrum.

Findings:

  • The tumor was highly vascular, requiring three complex surgical resections.
  • No disruption of sacroiliac joint stability occurred post-surgery.
  • The patient showed no signs of tumor recurrence at 8-year follow-up.

Implications:

  • This case expands the known anatomical locations for meningiomas.
  • Highlights the possibility of successful long-term management for rare sacral tumors.
  • Emphasizes the importance of considering rare diagnoses in challenging spinal presentations.