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Related Concept Videos

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
In vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...

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Proximity Ligand Assay to Localize Proteins in DNA Damage Sites
09:39

Proximity Ligand Assay to Localize Proteins in DNA Damage Sites

Published on: August 2, 2024

Studying the DNA damage response using in vitro model systems.

Elizabeth Garner1, Vincenzo Costanzo

  • 1Genome Stability Unit, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts EN6 3LD, United Kingdom.

DNA Repair
|June 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells detect DNA damage to preserve genetic information, activating checkpoint pathways involving ATM, ATR, and the MRN complex. Studies in Xenopus egg extracts reveal mechanisms of these DNA damage responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • DNA damage from internal and external sources is a constant threat to genetic integrity.
  • Cells possess sophisticated DNA damage response (DDR) pathways to detect and repair DNA lesions.
  • Key regulators of DDR include the kinases ATM and ATR, and the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 (MRN) complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of DNA damage checkpoint pathways.
  • To investigate the roles of ATM, ATR, and the MRN complex in DNA damage signaling.
  • To analyze DDR using an in vitro model system that recapitulates cell cycle context.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical analysis of purified proteins and complexes.
  • Utilizing in vitro model systems, specifically Xenopus laevis egg cell-free extracts.
  • Reconstitution of DNA damage response pathways in a cell-free environment.

Main Results:

  • Detailed mechanistic insights into ATM, ATR, and MRN-dependent DNA damage responses were obtained.
  • The Xenopus laevis egg extract system effectively recapitulates key aspects of the cellular DNA damage response.
  • Specific findings regarding the interplay of these factors in response to DNA damage were identified.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro systems, particularly Xenopus egg extracts, are powerful tools for dissecting complex DNA damage response pathways.
  • ATM, ATR, and the MRN complex play central roles in the coordinated cellular response to DNA damage.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending genome stability and cell fate decisions.