Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Tracking Drug-induced Changes in Receptor Post-internalization Trafficking by Colocalizational Analysis
Published on: July 3, 2015
Regulation of mu-opioid receptors by cytokines
1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Magdeburg University, 44 Leipzigerstrasse, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany. juergen.kraus@med.ovgu.de
Abstract:
Opioids are the most potent analgesics. However, their clinical use is limited by side effects like respiratory depression and their high potential for abuse. In addition, they modulate immune functions and cause immunosuppression. Effects of clinically important opioids like morphine are mediated by the mu-opioid receptor. Knowledge about the mechanisms controling the expression of the mu-opioid receptor gene in neuronal and immune cells is crucial to understand the dynamics and the activity of this receptor. Cytokines, mediators typically released from cells of the immune system, are potent regulators of mu-opioid receptor gene expression. This emphazises the importance of mu-opioid receptors in the neuro-immune-crosstalk and their role as a molecular basis for such interactions. In this review, the up-regulation of human mu-opioid receptor gene expression in neuronal and immune effector cells by interleukin-1, interleukin-4, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor, as well as its down-regulation by interferon-gamma and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor will be summarized along with molecular mechanisms, such as transcription factor-promoter-interactions. In addition, the physiological importance of these regulatory events will be discussed.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Opioid Receptors: Overview
Analgesia and Pain Management
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive EGFR activation may...
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners
Regulation of Food Intake
Inflammatory Response
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

