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Related Concept Videos

Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...
Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:15

Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements

Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
Introduction to Carbohydrates01:34

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the body. They can be found in a wide variety of foods, including whole grains, fruit, and vegetables, in various forms, such as sugars, starch, and dietary fiber. Based on their structure, carbohydrates are classified into three main classes— monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The body's cells can only utilize simple...
Chemistry of Carbohydrates03:25

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...

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Concanavalin A-Based Sedimentation Assay to Measure Substrate Binding of Glucan Phosphatases
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Concanavalin A-Based Sedimentation Assay to Measure Substrate Binding of Glucan Phosphatases

Published on: December 23, 2022

[Carbohydrate study for 40 years].

Tadahiro Takeda1

  • 1Division of Natural Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. takeda-td@pha.keio.ac.jp

Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
|June 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights advancements in glycoside chemistry and natural product isolation. Future research in pharmacognosy and natural products chemistry should leverage modern analytical techniques for complex carbohydrate and glycosphingolipid studies.

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Spectrophotometric Methods for the Study of Eukaryotic Glycogen Metabolism
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Spectrophotometric Methods for the Study of Eukaryotic Glycogen Metabolism
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Spectrophotometric Methods for the Study of Eukaryotic Glycogen Metabolism

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Area of Science:

  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Glycoside Chemistry

Context:

  • Historically, isolating complex natural products like dimeric naphthoquinonepyrones required extensive sample preparation (e.g., oxalic acid-treated silica gel).
  • Modern analytical advancements, particularly in chromatography and physicochemical methods, have revolutionized the isolation and structural elucidation of complex compounds.
  • The review contrasts past isolation challenges with current capabilities, emphasizing ease and speed in analyzing intricate molecules.

Purpose:

  • To review the evolution of carbohydrate and natural product isolation techniques.
  • To discuss future research directions in pharmacognosy and natural products chemistry.
  • To highlight advancements in analyzing complex glycosides, saponins, polysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.

Summary:

  • The review details progress in carbohydrate and glycoside chemistry, focusing on natural products.
  • It contrasts historical challenges in isolating complex compounds with modern, efficient chromatographic and analytical methods.
  • The review covers oligosaccharide synthesis, glycosphingolipid activities, and their presence in invertebrates.

Impact:

  • Enables more efficient and rapid isolation and structural determination of complex natural products.
  • Facilitates in vitro bioassays for compounds like saponins and polysaccharides.
  • Provides insights into the biological activities and synthesis of glycosphingolipids, particularly from invertebrate sources.