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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors
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Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors

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Differentiating germinal center-derived lymphomas through their cellular microenvironment.

Antonino Carbone1, Annunziata Gloghini, Antonello Cabras

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy. antonino.carbone@istitutotumori.mi.it

American Journal of Hematology
|June 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The germinal center microenvironment influences B-cell lymphomas. Understanding these cellular interactions aids in diagnosing and understanding the pathogenesis of germinal center-derived lymphomas.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The germinal center (GC) microenvironment plays a crucial role in normal B-cell physiology and the development of B-cell malignancies.
  • GC-derived lymphomas exhibit unique cellular interactions, with tumor cells proliferating in environments mimicking normal GC structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular microenvironment of GC-derived lymphomas.
  • To differentiate between various GC-derived lymphomas based on their microenvironmental characteristics.
  • To elucidate novel pathogenetic mechanisms in these lymphomas.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of cellular infiltrates in follicular lymphoma, nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL), and classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL).
  • Immunohistochemical characterization of T-cells and other non-neoplastic cells within the tumor microenvironment.
  • Assessment of microvessel proliferation and follicular dendritic cell (FDC) presence.

Main Results:

  • Neoplastic follicles in follicular lymphoma contain FDCs, macrophages, and GC T-cells.
  • NLPHL features include FDCs, B-cells, T-cells, and histiocytes, with lymphocyte predominant (LP) cells often surrounded by specific T-cell subsets (CD3+/CD4+, CD57, PD1, BCL6, MUM1/IRF4).
  • Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) Reed-Sternberg cells are surrounded by CD3+/CD4+ T-cells expressing CD40L, and ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) microenvironments show prominent high endothelial venules and FDCs.

Conclusions:

  • The cellular microenvironment provides key insights into the characterization of GC-derived lymphomas.
  • Microenvironmental analysis can aid in the differential diagnosis of lymphomas.
  • These findings highlight novel pathogenetic mechanisms involved in lymphomagenesis within the GC context.