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Snakebite envenomation and death in the developing world.

Luzia S Cruz1, Roberto Vargas, Antônio Alberto Lopes

  • 1CLINIRIM, Clínica do Rim e Hipertensão Arterial Ltda, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. luzia.cruz@comcast.net

Ethnicity & Disease
|June 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Snakebite envenomation is a neglected global health crisis, particularly affecting rural populations. Prompt antivenom administration and improved healthcare access are crucial for reducing fatalities from venomous snakebites.

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Area of Science:

  • Tropical Medicine
  • Public Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Snakebite envenomation is a significant neglected public health issue, causing widespread morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic hardship, especially in rural tropical regions.
  • While recreational in developed countries, it's an occupational hazard for young male agricultural workers in developing nations.
  • Factors like delayed antivenom, inadequate healthcare, and transportation challenges exacerbate the high fatality rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the global incidence and management of snakebite envenomation.
  • To describe clinical characteristics and pathogenesis of envenomation by Viperidae family snakes (Bothrops and Crotalus genera) common in Brazil.
  • To specifically focus on the pathogenesis of acute renal failure induced by these snakes.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing literature.
  • Focuses on clinical characteristics and pathogenesis of envenomation.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to high case-fatality ratios.

Main Results:

  • Snakebite envenomation disproportionately affects impoverished rural populations in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America.
  • The genera Bothrops and Crotalus within the Viperidae family are the most common venomous snakes in Brazil, frequently causing acute renal failure.
  • Delayed antivenom, poor health services, and transportation issues are key contributors to high mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Snakebite envenomation requires urgent global attention as a neglected tropical disease.
  • Understanding the pathogenesis, particularly of acute renal failure from Viperidae bites, is vital for effective management.
  • Improving antivenom accessibility, healthcare infrastructure, and transport in rural areas is essential to reduce snakebite mortality.