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Confirmation Biases

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

Framing Effects

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

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Cue-interaction effects in contingency judgments using the streamed-trial procedure.

Samuel D Hannah¹, Matthew J C Crump, Lorraine G Allan

¹Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. hannahsd@mcmcaster.ca

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology = Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale

|June 3, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The modified streamed-trial procedure efficiently assesses cue-interaction effects in learning. This method successfully replicates blocking paradigms and extends to allergy learning, advancing theoretical understanding.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Learning and Memory

Background:

The streamed-trial procedure allows rapid within-participant assessment of cue-outcome contingency.
Previous work established this procedure using geometric shapes.

Purpose of the Study:

To modify the streamed-trial procedure for investigating cue-interaction effects.
To replicate findings from one- and two-phase blocking paradigms.
To demonstrate the procedure's versatility with different stimuli, including allergy learning.

Main Methods:

Modification of the streamed-trial procedure.
Application to one- and two-phase blocking paradigms.
Utilizing allergy stimuli (food as cue, allergic reaction as outcome).

Main Results:

The modified streamed-trial procedure successfully replicated conventional blocking effects.
The procedure proved effective beyond geometric stimuli, including allergy learning scenarios.
Cue-interaction effects were investigated using the enhanced streamed-trial method.

Conclusions:

The modified streamed-trial procedure is a valuable tool for studying cue-interaction effects.
This method offers a flexible approach for advancing theoretical insights into associative learning.
The procedure's adaptability supports its use across various learning contexts.