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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
04:23

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

Apical ballooning resulting from limbic encephalitis.

Jill Gelow1, Michael Kruer, Vijayshree Yadav

  • 1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.

The American Journal of Medicine
|June 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Limbic encephalitis, an inflammation of brain regions controlling emotion, can cause neurogenic stunned myocardium (takotsubo cardiomyopathy). This case highlights a novel link between limbic encephalitis and cardiac dysfunction.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
04:23

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Cardiology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Neurogenic stunned myocardium, characterized by left ventricular apical ballooning (takotsubo cardiomyopathy), is an emerging clinical concern.
  • This study presents the first documented case of neurogenic stunned myocardium originating from limbic encephalitis.

Observation:

  • A 73-year-old female patient presented with anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
  • Diagnostic investigations included electrocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and left ventricular angiography.

Findings:

  • Electrocardiography revealed significant T-wave inversions across multiple leads.
  • MRI indicated symmetrical increased signal within the medial temporal lobes on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences, consistent with limbic encephalitis.
  • Left ventricular angiography confirmed the presence of apical ballooning, indicative of takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Implications:

  • The insular cortex, densely interconnected with limbic structures, may undergo sympathetic dysregulation due to limbic encephalitis.
  • This dysregulation can precipitate neurogenic stunned myocardium, establishing a novel pathophysiological pathway.
  • This finding expands the understanding of neurological triggers for cardiac events.