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The inner experience of time.

Marc Wittmann1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-9116A, USA. wittmann@ucsd.edu

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|June 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Understanding time perception involves diverse brain processes and cognitive influences. Recent research suggests emotional and interoceptive states, particularly in the insular cortex, may encode duration.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The brain's processing of time is complex, with numerous psychological and neurophysiological models proposed.
  • Existing models vary due to factors like time interval length and the involvement of non-timing cognitive processes.
  • Distinguishing core timing mechanisms from other cognitive influences on time perception remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review prominent models of time perception.
  • To explain variations in models based on time interval length and cognitive processes.
  • To highlight recent research on emotional and interoceptive influences on time perception.

Main Methods:

  • Critical discussion and synthesis of existing literature on time perception models.

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  • Integration of empirical findings on affect, time, and body processes.
  • Conceptual integration of interoception and emotional states in time perception.

    • Main Results:

    • Time perception models differ based on the duration of the time interval processed.
    • Cognitive processes, not solely dedicated to timing, significantly influence the experience of time.
    • Emotional and interoceptive states are increasingly recognized as integral to time perception.

    Conclusions:

    • Specific neurophysiological mechanisms for human time representation are yet to be identified.
    • Neural processes in the insular cortex, linked to body signals and feelings, may encode duration.
    • Time perception is influenced by a complex interplay of cognitive, emotional, and interoceptive factors.