[The molecular bases of hemophilia A. ]

Hemophilias are bleeding disorders due to deficiency of the blood coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B), resulting from mutation on the gene coding for factor VIII or factor IX. Hemophilia A is more frequent than hemophilia B and affects 1:10,000 male newborns. The severity and frequency of hemorrhagic episodes is related to residual activity of factor VIII present in the plasma and relates to the type of mutation associated with the disorder. Cloning of the factor VIII gene has enabled researchers to better understand the molecular basis of hemophilia A, accounting to date, for more than 1,000 mutations associated with the disease. This comprehensive knowledge permits an improved comprehension of the genotype-phenotype relation, establishment of clinical policies when mutations related to higher risk of inhibitors development are known, identification of hemophilia carriers in case of women related to patients, implementation of a program of genetic counseling and discovery of structural-functional relationship between gene-protein. This article aims to review the molecular basis of hemophilia A, laboratory techniques used to characterize mutations and clinical implications involved in the molecular diagnosis of hemophilia A.