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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
Published on: July 4, 2013
A longitudinal study of forms and functions of aggressive behavior in early childhood
Dianna Murray-Close1, Jamie M Ostrov
1Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, 234 John Dewey Hall, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. dianna.murray-close@uvm.edu
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the distinct forms (i.e., physical and relational) and functions (i.e., proactive and reactive) of aggressive behavior during early childhood (n = 101; M age = 45.09 months). Forms, but not functions, of aggressive behavior were stable over time. A number of contributors to aggression were associated with distinct subtypes of aggressive behavior. Females and socially dominant children were more relationally aggressive and older children were less physically aggressive than their peers. Longitudinal analyses indicated that social dominance predicted decreases in physical aggression and peer exclusion predicted increases in relational aggression. Overall, the results provide support for the distinction between subtypes of aggression in early childhood.
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