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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
Animal cells
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Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
12:59

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

Delayed coupling theory of vertebrate segmentation.

Luis G Morelli, Saúl Ares, Leah Herrgen

    HFSP Journal
    |June 4, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    The segmentation clock, a genetic network controlling vertebrate body axis formation, involves oscillating cells in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). A new theory explains how delayed coupling between these oscillators dictates the clock's period and spatial patterns during development.

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    Generation of Dispersed Presomitic Mesoderm Cell Cultures for Imaging of the Zebrafish Segmentation Clock in Single Cells
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    Published on: July 24, 2014

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    Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

    Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
    12:59

    Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

    Published on: February 28, 2021

    Generation of Dispersed Presomitic Mesoderm Cell Cultures for Imaging of the Zebrafish Segmentation Clock in Single Cells
    10:41

    Generation of Dispersed Presomitic Mesoderm Cell Cultures for Imaging of the Zebrafish Segmentation Clock in Single Cells

    Published on: July 24, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Developmental biology
    • Systems biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Vertebrate embryonic development involves rhythmic somite formation controlled by the segmentation clock.
    • This clock operates in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) via gene expression oscillations.
    • The relationship between spatial patterns, collective period, and cellular interactions in the segmentation clock remains unclear.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a theoretical framework integrating temporal and spatial dynamics of the segmentation clock.
    • To understand how local cellular interactions and collective oscillations contribute to somite formation.
    • To quantitatively analyze the parameters governing the spatial and temporal organization of the segmentation clock.

    Main Methods:

    • A delayed coupling theory representing the PSM as an array of phase oscillators.
    • Incorporation of a frequency gradient, neighbor coupling, coupling delay, and a moving boundary (axis elongation).
    • Derivation of an expression for pattern wavelength and fitting to experimental gene-expression data.

    Main Results:

    • The theory predicts that the segmentation clock's collective period is dependent on delayed coupling.
    • An expression for pattern wavelength was derived and used to fit wildtype gene-expression patterns.
    • Quantitative values for parameters controlling oscillator organization were determined.

    Conclusions:

    • The delayed coupling theory provides a quantitative model for the segmentation clock's spatial and temporal organization.
    • This framework can be used to analyze experimental perturbations and identify genes involved in segmentation.
    • The study elucidates the link between cellular-level interactions and collective clock behavior in development.