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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...

Types of Signaling Molecules

Types of Signaling Molecules

In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...

Types of Signaling Molecules

Types of Signaling Molecules

In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Published on: September 11, 2014

Signaling molecules in regenerating hydra.

B Galliot

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology

|June 5, 2009

Summary

Head and foot activators (HA, FA) are key neuropeptides in hydra regeneration. HA activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway, crucial for nerve cell development and regeneration, irrespective of polarity.

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Regenerative medicine
Cellular signaling

Background:

Regeneration is a key process in developmental biology, with hydra serving as a model organism.
Early cellular events in hydra regeneration involve nerve cell differentiation and determination.
Neuropeptides like head and foot activators (HA, FA) are released upon injury and play critical roles.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying nerve cell differentiation and determination during hydra regeneration.
To elucidate the role of head and foot activators (HA, FA) in signaling pathways.
To understand the involvement of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and CREB in the regeneration process.

Main Methods:

Cellular analysis of hydra regeneration.

More Related Videos

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Published on: July 7, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Published on: September 11, 2014

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Published on: July 7, 2017

Investigating the role of neuropeptides (HA, FA) as signaling molecules.

Assessing the involvement of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway and CREB activity.

Exploring the protein kinase C pathway's role in polarity.

Main Results:

Head activator (HA) acts as an agonist of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway, modulating CREB activity.
This cAMP-CREB cascade is essential for nerve cell differentiation and determination during regeneration.
The process is vital for both apical and basal regeneration polarity.
Protein kinase C pathway modulation affects positional values, but endogenous ligands remain unidentified.

Conclusions:

The cAMP-CREB pathway, modulated by HA, is fundamental for nerve cell development in hydra regeneration.
Understanding these pathways provides insights into regenerative processes.
Further research is needed to identify ligands modulating the protein kinase C pathway for polarity control.