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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating02:48

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Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...

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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Published on: December 14, 2017

Technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials.

David Vearrier1, John A Curtis, Michael I Greenberg

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.

Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)
|June 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and technologically enhanced NORM (TENORM) pose human health risks. Evaluating these risks requires toxicological principles to understand exposure magnitude, type, and dose-response relationships.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Occupational Health
  • Radiological Protection

Background:

  • Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) are widespread in the Earth's crust.
  • Human activities like mining and fossil fuel extraction create technologically enhanced NORM (TENORM), increasing radiation exposure risks.
  • Workers in TENORM industries and the general public may be exposed to ionizing radiation through occupational or environmental pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on radiation exposure from NORM and TENORM.
  • To assess the potential human health effects associated with TENORM.
  • To highlight the need for toxicological principles in evaluating TENORM health risks.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Ovid Medline databases.
  • Search terms included NORM, TENORM, and occupational radiation exposure.
  • 133 articles were identified, and 73 peer-reviewed articles were selected for this review.

Main Results:

  • Studies indicate potential increased cancer risks in some occupational settings due to TENORM exposure.
  • Quantifying radiation exposure from TENORM is challenging due to modeling limitations.
  • Reported cancer risks have not yet been validated using toxicological principles.

Conclusions:

  • NORM and TENORM have the potential to cause significant human health effects.
  • Adverse health effects must be evaluated using fundamental toxicological principles.
  • Key toxicological considerations include exposure magnitude, type, threshold, and dose-response relationships.