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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Do studies in humans better depict Th17 cells?

Francesco Annunziato¹, Sergio Romagnani

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer, and High Education De Novo Therapy (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

|June 5, 2009

Summary

Human Th17 cells differ significantly from mouse models. Understanding these differences is crucial for autoimmune disease research and developing targeted therapies for immune disorders.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

CD4(+) T helper (Th) lymphocytes include Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets.
Th17 cells uniquely produce interleukin-17 (IL-17) and are implicated in autoimmune disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the distinct characteristics and developmental pathways of human Th17 cells compared to murine models.
To highlight the implications of these differences for understanding autoimmune pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of Th17 cell populations in humans and mice.
Investigation of Th17 cell differentiation markers and cytokine profiles.
Review of existing literature on Th17 cell plasticity and function.

Main Results:

Human Th17 cells express CD161 and originate from CD161(+) precursors, unlike murine Th17 cells.

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Human Th17 differentiation is driven by IL-1beta and IL-23, with TGF-beta's role being debated, contrasting with mouse models.

Th17 cell plasticity, including a shift to Th1, is observed in both species, but human Th17 cells exhibit unique developmental requirements.

Conclusions:

Human Th17 cells possess distinct immunological features and developmental origins compared to their murine counterparts.
Previous studies in mice may not fully represent the biology of human Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases.
Further research focusing on human-specific Th17 cell characteristics is essential for accurate disease modeling and therapeutic development.