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Related Concept Videos

The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics
09:43

Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics

Published on: March 1, 2022

Physiology of bone.

Peter Grabowski1

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. p.grabowski@sheffield.ac.uk

Endocrine Development
|June 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone is a dynamic tissue providing support, protection, and mineral storage. Recent advances highlight how bone adapts to mechanical loading, offering potential to enhance bone strength in children and adolescents.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

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Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
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Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

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Area of Science:

  • Bone physiology
  • Molecular cell biology
  • Skeletal biomechanics

Background:

  • Bone performs mechanical, metabolic, and hematopoietic functions.
  • Historically viewed as passive, bone is now recognized as a dynamic, adaptive tissue.
  • Bone remodels in response to mechanical stimuli and physiological demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in bone physiology and molecular cell biology.
  • To explore the application of bone's adaptive response to loading.
  • To enhance bone strength during childhood and adolescence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on bone adaptation.
  • Analysis of molecular and cellular mechanisms of bone remodeling.
  • Discussion of biomechanical principles related to bone loading.

Main Results:

  • Bone's ability to adapt to mechanical loading is a key characteristic.
  • Understanding these adaptive mechanisms can inform interventions.
  • Functional adaptation to loading is crucial for skeletal development.

Conclusions:

  • Bone is a highly adaptive tissue responding to mechanical forces.
  • Harnessing bone's functional adaptation can improve skeletal health.
  • Targeting mechanical loading is a promising strategy for enhancing bone strength in youth.