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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
These glands that produce the oils on the skin and hair are holocrine glands. The mature...
Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
08:49

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

Published on: May 28, 2021

Epidermal barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis.

Michael J Cork1, Simon G Danby, Yiannis Vasilopoulos

  • 1The Paediatric Dermatology Clinic, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK. m.j.cork@sheffield.ac.uk

The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
|June 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) results from genetic and environmental factors damaging the skin barrier. Understanding these gene-environment interactions can guide product use and development for better skin barrier repair.

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Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach
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Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach

Published on: September 26, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
08:49

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

Published on: May 28, 2021

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach
09:32

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach

Published on: September 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex skin condition influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
  • Genetic predispositions, particularly filaggrin gene mutations, and environmental triggers contribute to a compromised skin barrier.
  • Elevated skin surface pH from environmental factors like soaps disrupts the epidermal barrier by altering protease and lipid synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the development of atopic dermatitis.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of epidermal barrier dysfunction in AD.
  • To inform strategies for managing AD through product use and development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic factors, including filaggrin gene mutations.
  • Analysis of environmental triggers and their impact on stratum corneum pH.
  • Examination of protease activity and lipid synthesis in relation to epidermal barrier function.

Main Results:

  • Filaggrin gene mutations are a significant genetic risk factor for AD.
  • Environmental factors, such as soaps, increase skin pH, enhancing protease activity and impairing lipid synthesis.
  • Epidermal barrier dysfunction is a primary event in AD pathogenesis, driven by gene-environment interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic defects and environmental insults synergistically contribute to epidermal barrier dysfunction in AD.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing targeted therapies and product recommendations.
  • Future strategies should focus on repairing the skin barrier and mitigating the effects of environmental triggers.