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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature from...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Laser cooling transitions in atomic erbium.

H Ban, M Jacka, J Hanssen

    Optics Express
    |June 5, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers explored laser cooling for atomic erbium, finding suitable transitions for visible and near-infrared lasers. This research opens new avenues for quantum technologies and precision measurements using this magnetic atom.

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic Physics
    • Quantum Optics
    • Laser Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Atomic erbium possesses a large magnetic moment, making it a candidate for quantum applications.
    • Laser cooling techniques are crucial for manipulating and controlling atomic states with high precision.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify suitable transitions in atomic erbium for laser cooling.
    • To investigate the potential of laser-cooled erbium for quantum information processing and other applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Identification of five J ? J + 1 transitions in atomic erbium accessible by tunable lasers.
    • Measurement of state lifetimes for specific energy levels in erbium.
    • Calculation of transition rates using scaled Hartree-Fock energy parameters.

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    Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

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    Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

    Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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    Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

    Published on: March 30, 2017

    Construction and Characterization of External Cavity Diode Lasers for Atomic Physics
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    Construction and Characterization of External Cavity Diode Lasers for Atomic Physics

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    Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps
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    Main Results:

    • Five J ? J + 1 transitions from the ground state of atomic erbium were identified for laser cooling.
    • Lifetime measurements of 20 ± 4 µs and 5.6 ± 1.4 µs were obtained for two specific excited states.
    • A transition rate of 13 ± 7 s⁻¹ was calculated for a key cooling transition.

    Conclusions:

    • The identified transitions, combined with a strong 401 nm cooling transition, enable narrowband laser cooling of atomic erbium.
    • Laser-cooled erbium offers potential applications in quantum information processing, atomic clocks, and single-atom doping.