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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview

Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for electronic transitions. As a result...
UV–Vis Spectrum01:30

UV–Vis Spectrum

When light passes through a substance, a portion of the light is absorbed while the remaining light is reflected or transmitted. If the molecule absorbs light between the wavelengths of 180–400 nm range, the UV spectrum is obtained, and if it absorbs light in the 400–780 nm wavelength range, the visible spectrum is obtained.     
The UV–Vis spectrum of a molecule is the plot of its absorbance versus wavelength. The plot is drawn by taking molar absorptivity (ε) or log ε on the y-axis (ordinate)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

An Introduction to Processing, Fitting, and Interpreting Transient Absorption Data
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Ultrashort pulse non-linear optical absorption in transparent media.

D Rayner, A Naumov, P Corkum

    Optics Express
    |June 5, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Non-linear ionization in transparent materials limits ultrashort laser pulse intensity. Energy deposition occurs before the focus, enabling controlled material modification via refractive index changes.

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Materials Science
    • Optics

    Background:

    • Ultrashort laser pulses can reach intensities where non-linear ionization dominates interactions with transparent media.
    • Energy extraction by non-linear absorption can counteract self-focusing, allowing controlled energy deposition.
    • This controlled deposition enables localized material modification.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate that non-linear absorption limits peak laser intensity in transparent media.
    • To show that energy deposition occurs prior to the focal point.
    • To establish the threshold intensity for non-linear ionization in dielectrics and image energy deposition.

    Main Methods:

    • Modeling energy distribution of focused ultrashort laser pulses.
    • Predicting and measuring transmitted energy through the focus.

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  • Utilizing refractive index modification induced by non-linear ionization to image energy deposition in glass.

    • Main Results:

    • Non-linear absorption was shown to limit the achievable intensity of ultrashort laser pulses.
    • Energy deposition was confirmed to occur before the focal point.
    • The threshold intensity for non-linear ionization in dielectrics was determined to be approximately 10^13 W cm^-2.
    • Spatial distribution of energy deposition was successfully imaged using refractive index changes.

    Conclusions:

    • Non-linear ionization is a critical factor limiting intensity and governing energy deposition of ultrashort laser pulses in transparent materials.
    • Energy deposition prior to the focus allows for controlled, localized material modification.
    • The study provides a method for imaging energy deposition using laser-induced refractive index changes.