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Related Concept Videos

Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Cloning of Dolly the Sheep01:08

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual,  the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter telomeres than other...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning
04:36

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

Published on: December 19, 2025

Animal cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Lawrence C Smith1, Jae-Gyu Yoo

  • 1Animal Reproduction Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|June 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study details successful animal cloning protocols, essential for minimizing damage during nuclear transfer and standardizing procedures across species for pharmaceutical and agricultural applications.

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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

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A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning
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Published on: December 19, 2025

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Animal science

Background:

  • Animal cloning offers significant potential in pharmaceutical, medical, and agricultural sectors.
  • Nuclear transfer techniques for oocyte reconstruction are complex and require precise protocols.
  • Species-specific variations in oogenesis and embryogenesis necessitate tailored cloning procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present detailed and successful protocols for animal cloning.
  • To address the challenges of developmental damage during nuclear transfer.
  • To standardize cloning procedures for laboratory and domestic animals.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed step-by-step protocols for oocyte reconstruction via nuclear transfer.
  • Adaptation of procedures for different mammalian species.
  • Focus on minimizing developmental damage during manipulation.

Main Results:

  • Identification of the most successful protocols for producing animal clones.
  • Standardization of nuclear transfer techniques across various species.
  • Minimization of developmental abnormalities in cloned embryos.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized and species-adapted protocols are crucial for successful animal cloning.
  • Effective cloning techniques enhance applications in biological research and biotechnology.
  • Further refinement of protocols will improve efficiency and reduce developmental issues in cloned animals.