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Related Concept Videos

Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
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Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon (singular). Taxa (plural) can span different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. For instance, the group containing all birds is a taxon (comprising the class Aves), and the group of all species of daisies (the genus Bellis) is a taxon. Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Understanding the evolutionary relationships among microorganisms is fundamental to microbial ecology and taxonomy. Phylogenetic trees are essential tools for inferring these relationships, relying primarily on comparative analyses of molecular sequences such as DNA, RNA, or proteins. In microbial studies, these trees typically depict the evolutionary paths of diverse bacterial and archaeal species by mapping genetic differences accumulated over time.Phylogenetic trees are composed of tips,...
Phylogenetic Trees03:21

Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic trees come in many forms. It matters in which sequence the organisms are arranged from the bottom to the top of the tree, but the branches can rotate at their nodes without altering the information. The lines connecting individual nodes can be straight, angled, or even curved.The length of the branches can depict time or the relative amount of change among organisms. For instance, the branch length might indicate the number of amino acid changes in the sequence that underlies the...
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Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic trees come in many forms. It matters in which sequence the organisms are arranged from the bottom to the top of the tree, but the branches can rotate at their nodes without altering the information. The lines connecting individual nodes can be straight, angled, or even curved.The length of the branches can depict time or the relative amount of change among organisms. For instance, the branch length might indicate the number of amino acid changes in the sequence that underlies the...

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Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in Rhesus Macaques by Peptide-MHC-I Tetramer Staining
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Phylogeny of the macaques (Cercopithecidae: Macaca) based on Alu elements.

Jing Li1, Kyudong Han, Jinchuan Xing

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.

Gene
|June 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study uses Alu insertions to map macaque evolution, identifying four distinct species groups and clarifying relationships within Asian macaques. Alu elements offer a powerful tool for primate phylogenetic analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Primate evolutionary biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Phylogenetics

Background:

  • Genus Macaca represents a successful primate radiation with unresolved evolutionary details despite prior morphological and DNA studies.
  • Alu elements, primate-specific retroposons, are valuable genetic markers due to their low homoplasy and known ancestral state.
  • Previous research on macaque phylogeny has limitations, necessitating more robust molecular approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve ambiguities in macaque evolutionary history using Alu insertion data.
  • To establish a robust molecular phylogeny for the genus Macaca.
  • To demonstrate the utility of SINE-based approaches in primate phylogenetics.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of 298 new Alu insertions across ten macaque species using PCR display.
  • Integration of previously reported Alu loci, totaling 358 loci for phylogenetic analysis.
  • Phylogenetic inference using a comprehensive dataset of Alu insertion sites.

Main Results:

  • The study identified four monophyletic species groups within the genus Macaca.
  • The silenus group was found to have diverged first among Asian macaques.
  • Members of the sinica and fascicularis groups share a common ancestor, with Macaca arctoides classified within the sinica group.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed phylogeny provides a robust molecular framework for understanding macaque evolution with strong statistical support.
  • Alu insertion analysis successfully resolved evolutionary relationships within the genus Macaca.
  • SINE-based methods are confirmed as powerful tools for primate phylogenetic studies across various taxonomic levels.