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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single stretching vibration...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope
06:48

A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope

Published on: December 30, 2025

Optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy with active interferometric stabilization.

Tianhao Zhang, Camelia Borca, Xiaoqin Li

    Optics Express
    |June 6, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed stabilized optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy for precise measurements. This technique reveals exciton transitions and couplings in quantum well samples.

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    Published on: August 12, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum optics
    • Solid-state spectroscopy
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Two-dimensional spectroscopy provides detailed insights into ultrafast dynamics.
    • Stabilization is crucial for accurate measurements in nonlinear spectroscopy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To implement and demonstrate an actively stabilized optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy (2D-FTPS) system.
    • To investigate exciton dynamics in semiconductor quantum wells.

    Main Methods:

    • Active stabilization of excitation pulse delay and local oscillator phase.
    • Interferometric accuracy for time-stepping.
    • Heterodyne detection of transient four-wave mixing signals.
    • Fourier transforms to generate 2D spectra.

    Main Results:

    • Successful implementation of stabilized 2D-FTPS near 800 nm.
    • Measurement of phase evolution during initial and detection periods.
    • Obtained 2D spectra showing diagonal peaks for light-hole and heavy-hole excitons.
    • Observed off-diagonal peaks indicating coupling between exciton resonances in a GaAs multiple quantum well.

    Conclusions:

    • The stabilized 2D-FTPS system enables high-precision measurements of quantum system dynamics.
    • The technique effectively resolves and characterizes exciton transitions and their couplings in quantum wells.