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Related Concept Videos

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's forehead...
Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
Clearance Models: Physiological Models01:09

Clearance Models: Physiological Models

Drug clearance is a critical pharmacokinetic process involving the irreversible removal of drugs from the body through various organs over a specified time period. Physiological models are indispensable in determining organ-specific clearance, defined by the proportion of the drug eliminated per unit of time from the organ's blood volume.
The organ's clearance rate depends on the blood flow to the organ and the extraction ratio (E). The extraction ratio describes the organ's proficiency in drug...
Assessing Body Temperature - Oral01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Oral

Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
Chest Physiotherapy01:24

Chest Physiotherapy

Chest Physiotherapy (CPT) is a therapeutic technique used in respiratory care to improve ventilation, clear bronchial secretions, and enhance the efficiency of respiratory muscles. This therapy includes three primary procedures: postural drainage, percussion, and vibration. It can be performed on spontaneously breathing patients and those who are intubated and mechanically ventilated.
Purpose
CPT is primarily used for patients with excessive bronchial secretions who have difficulty clearing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans
04:54

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans

Published on: June 2, 2023

Field torso-warming modalities: a comparative study using a human model.

J Peter Lundgren1, Otto Henriksson, Thea Pretorius

  • 1Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. lundgren.jp@hotmail.com

Prehospital Emergency Care
|June 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary

External heat sources effectively reduce core temperature afterdrop and promote rewarming in hypothermia. Charcoal heaters, chemical pads, and hot-water bags are recommended for field use.

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans
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Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans

Published on: June 2, 2023

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09:21

Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images

Published on: February 18, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Environmental Physiology
  • Thermoregulation

Background:

  • Nonshivering hypothermia poses a significant risk in austere environments.
  • Effective field-appropriate warming modalities are crucial for patient survival and recovery.
  • Current methods often rely on AC power, limiting their use in remote settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of four AC-independent torso-warming methods.
  • To compare their impact on core temperature afterdrop and rewarming rates.
  • To identify optimal field-use warming solutions for hypothermia.

Main Methods:

  • Human model study with five subjects undergoing controlled cooling in 8°C water.
  • Shivering inhibition using buspirone and meperidine.
  • Application of four warming modalities: spontaneous warming, charcoal heater, hot-water bags, and chemical heating pads.
  • Core temperature monitoring throughout the 120-minute warming period.

Main Results:

  • Chemical heating pads (1.5°C) and hot-water bags (1.6°C) significantly reduced postcooling afterdrop compared to spontaneous warming (2.2°C).
  • Rewarming rates were highest with hot-water bags (0.7°C/h) and charcoal heaters (0.6°C/h), significantly exceeding spontaneous warming (0.1°C/h).
  • Charcoal heaters showed an afterdrop of 1.8°C.

Conclusions:

  • External heat sources effectively attenuate core temperature afterdrop when shivering is suppressed.
  • Sustained external heat application promotes effective core rewarming.
  • Charcoal heaters, chemical heating pads, and hot-water bags are recommended for treating hypothermia in field or transport settings.