Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 22, 2026

09:35
Modified MicroSecure Vitrification: A Safe, Simple and Highly Effective Cryopreservation Procedure for Human Blastocysts
Published on: March 2, 2017
WITHDRAWN: Thermodynamic aspects of vitrification
121st Century Medicine, Inc., 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, California 92336, U.S.A.
Cryobiology
|June 9, 2009
Summary
This article is a duplicate and has been withdrawn. It is not a new publication and should not be cited.
Area of Science:
- Scientific Publishing
- Article Withdrawal
Background:
- Accidental duplication of published content can occur.
- Ensuring the integrity of the scientific record is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To formally withdraw a duplicated article.
- To inform readers of the duplication and withdrawal.
Main Methods:
- Identification of duplicate publication.
- Formal article withdrawal process.
Main Results:
- The article was identified as an accidental duplication.
- The article has been officially withdrawn by the publisher.
Conclusions:
- Duplicate articles compromise scientific integrity.
- Readers should refer to the original publication.
Related Concept Videos
Thermodynamic Potentials
Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
Volatilization
Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
Thermodynamic Processes
A thermodynamic process is a path through a sequence of states that takes a system from an initial state to a final state. In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state, so the changes in state properties and state functions (ΔT, Δp, ΔV, ΔU, ΔH) over one complete cycle are zero. However, heat and work transfers can still occur during the cycle, and the net heat and net work over the cycle need not be zero.A reversible process occurs when the system is infinitesimally close to...
Thermodynamic Systems
A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The tea and...
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The tea and...
Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Solutions
For an ideal liquid solution, the standard state of each component is defined as the pure liquid at the temperature and pressure of the solution. Similarly, for solid solutions, the standard state is the pure solid. The chemical potentials of the components in the ideal solution are compared to the chemical potentials of the pure substances in their standard states. These standard states provide a reference point for calculating the thermodynamic properties of ideal solutions.For ideal...

